The book starts with an introduction to JavaFX and its history. It lists the system requirements and the steps to start developing JavaFX applications. It shows you how to create a Hello World application in JavaFX, explaining every line of code in the process. This book provides complete and comprehensive coverage of JavaFX 8 features; uses an incremental approach to teach JavaFX, assuming no prior GUI knowledge; includes code snippets, complete programs, and pictures; covers MVC patterns using JavaFX; and covers advanced topics such as FXML, effects, transformations, charts, images, canvas, audio and video, DnD, and more.
Programmer Books. Random Books. Articulate Storyline Essentials. In Figure make sure the Create Application Class option is selected. Then click Finish. In a few seconds NetBeans will generate all the necessary files for the HelloWorld project. After NetBeans finishes, the project will show up on the left Projects tab. Figure shows a newly created HelloWorld project. By doing this it allows a project to run just by clicking on the green arrowed button.
Assuming the project is selected on the left in the Projects tab. See step 10, following. Click Sources under Categories. Project Properties To run and test your JavaFX Hello World application, ensure the project folder is selected left Projects tab , then click on the green Run button to execute the HelloWorld project. This will ensure the HelloWorld or any other project can run without having to be so explicit.
This frees the developer to switch projects quickly. Setting the HelloWorld project as the Main Project You can also click the green arrow icon on the tool bar. After you hit the Run option, the output should look like Figure Because of the new additions to the Java language in Java 8, such as lambdas, most of the source code in this book will rely on the new syntax and therefore will not be backward-compatible with prior versions of Java 8.
Typically, developers have prior versions of the Java development kit such as JDK 7. NetBeans allows you to switch between different JDKs when projects require older versions. An important thing to note is that in early releases of JavaFX 2. Thank goodness it is now just one download JDK 8! Using the Command-Line Prompt The second method of developing JavaFX 8 applications is to use a common text editor and the command line prompt terminal.
By learning how to compile and execute applications on the command-line prompt you will learn about the classpath and where the executable files reside. Working from the command line you will basically use popular text editors such as vi, Emacs, or Notepad to code your JavaFX Hello World application. An example is shown in Listing Listing Application; import javafx. ActionEvent; import javafx. EventHandler; import javafx. Group; import javafx. Scene; import javafx. Button; import javafx.
Following are the steps to create a JavaFX Hello World application to be compiled and run on the command-line prompt. Copy and paste the code from Listing into a text editor, and save the file as HelloWorldMain. After saving the file named HelloWorldMain. Compile the source code file HelloWorldMain.
The dot denotes the current directory. The —d option destination directory lets the Java compiler know where to put compiled class files based on their package namespace. Assuming you are located in the same directory as the HelloWorldMain. Application class. The Application class provides application life cycle functions such as initializing, launching, starting, and stopping during runtime. The code in Listing is a skeleton of the JavaFX Hello World application, having a main method and an overridden start method.
A skeleton version of the file HelloWorldMain. To access any arguments passed into the launch method you can invoke the getParameters method of the Application class. Please see the Javadoc documentation for details on various ways to access named and raw arguments. After the Application. At this point, the program execution occurs on the JavaFX application thread and not on the main thread. When the start method is invoked, a JavaFX javafx.
Stage object is available for the developer to use and manipulate. Later in this book, you will learn how to create background processes to avoid blocking the JavaFX application thread. When you know how to build applications to avoid blocking the GUI, the user will notice that your application is much more responsive snappy under heavy usage.
Mastering responsiveness in GUI applications is an important concept in enhancing usability and the overall user experience. The designers of the API have modeled things on the idea of a theater or a play in which actors perform in front of an audience.
In this analogy, a play consists of one-to-many scenes that actors perform in. And, of course, all scenes are performed on a stage. Depending on the device, such as a Raspberry Pi Raspbian , there may be only one stage. Next, you create a root node Group , which is added to the Scene object as the top-level surface for the application window. The following code snippet shows how to set the title and create the scene: primaryStage. The following graphics capabilities can be applied to Nodes: scaling, transforms, translations, and effects.
Some of the most commonly used nodes are UI controls and Shape objects. Similar to a tree data structure, a scene graph will contain children nodes by using a container class such as the Group or Pane class. By default the window will allow a user to minimize, maximize, and close exit the application.
Following is the code to set the scene and display show the JavaFX application window Stage : primaryStage. HelloWorldMain -srcdir. Table HelloWorldMain Specifies the fully qualified name of the class containing the main method.
The top-level location of the parent directory holding the compiled classes current directory. After learning two methods of compiling and running a JavaFX application, you did a quick code walkthrough of the source file HelloWorldMain.
You also learned to package a JavaFX application as a standalone jar executable. Next, in Chapter 2 you will learn the fundamentals of JavaFX 8 such as drawing and coloring shapes as well as drawing text and changing text fonts. Because of this, I have always made it a point to focus on the fundamentals. In order to render graphics on the JavaFX scene, you will need basic shapes and colors.
Expanding upon your knowledge of the JavaFX scene graph, which you visited toward the end of Chapter 1, you will learn in this chapter how to draw and manipulate 2D shapes on the JavaFX scene graph. Node class. The Node class is a fundamental base class for all JavaFX scene graph nodes. The Node class provides the ability to transform, translate, and apply effects to any node.
Many examples in this chapter involve the javafx. Shape class, which is a descendant of the Node class. In this chapter you will explore many derived classes that inherit from Shape.
JavaFX Lines Rendering lines in JavaFX is conceptually similar to Euclidean geometry in that two x, y coordinate points connect to draw a segment into space. When drawn on the JavaFX scene graph, lines are rendered using the screen coordinate space system. In geometry, a line is defined as a segment connected by two points in space, although it lacks a width thickness and color value.
Does this mean that the line is invisible? In the computer world, physical devices plot pixels and shapes that occupy real surfaces. Monitors and printers are examples of such surfaces. Because of this method of production, modern graphics programming has adopted the standard screen coordinate system. In this system, lines that are drawn are visible and have attributes of width and color. In a nutshell, the standard screen coordinate system places 0, 0 at the upper-left corner; this differs from the Cartesian coordinate system, where 0, 0 is placed at the center of the graphing area or the point at which the x and y axes converge.
In both coordinate systems, the x coordinate has the same effect when moving a point along the x axis. However, when using the screen coordinate system to move along the y axis, the effect is opposite that of the Cartesian system.
Figure illustrates shapes drawn using the screen coordinate system. Also note that using negative values will plot objects off the screen. The screen coordinate system As you learn more about JavaFX, you will discover many scene graph objects, such as lines, circles, and rectangles. These objects are derived classes of the Shape class. All shape objects can perform geometric operations between two shaped areas, such as subtract, intersect and union. By mastering the Shape API, you will begin to see endless possibilities.
To draw lines in JavaFX, you will use the javafx. Line class. When creating a Line instance you need to specify a start x, y coordinate and an end coordinate to draw a line. There are two ways to specify the start and end points when creating Line nodes. The first method is to use a constructor with the parameters startX, startY, endX, and endY. The data types of all the parameters are double values, which provide floating-point decimal precision. The following line has a start point , 10 and end point 10, created using a constructor.
According to the Javadoc, all shapes have a stroke color of null no color except Line, Polyline, and Path nodes.
Creating different kinds of lines is simple; you basically set properties inherited from the parent class javafx.
Table shows the properties you can set on a line Shape. To retrieve or modify each property, you will use its appropriate getter and setter methods. The table lists each property name and its data type, with a description. Please refer to the Javadoc documentation for more details. The javafx. Paint A color to fill inside a shape. StrokeLineCap The cap style on the end of a line or path. There are three styles: StrokeLineCap. StrokeLineJoin Decoration when lines meet. There are three types: StrokeLineJoin.
Used along with the miter join decoration StrokeLineJoin. StrokeType Where to draw the stroke around the boundary of a Shape node. There are three types: StrokeType. Figure is the output of Listing , the DrawingLines. The JavaFX application in the listing draws three lines with various properties modified.
Some common properties used in this example are stroke dash offset, stroke line cap, stroke width, and stroke color. The second line is a thick white line having rounded end caps line cap. Last is an ordinary blue line having the same thickness as the others.
The label control displays the dash offset value as the slider control moves. Drawing lines Listing shows the source code for DrawingLines. ObservableValue; import javafx. Slider; import javafx. Color; import javafx. Line; import javafx. StrokeLineCap; import javafx. Text; import javafx. GRAY ; www. RED ; redLine. ROUND ; root. BLUE ; blueLine. Then it creates a root node javafx. Group for the Scene object. All root nodes those extending javafx. Parent have a method getChildren. By default the Scene object will be filled with a white background; however, because one of our lines is white, the code will set the scene to have a color of gray Color.
This will allow some contrast in order to see the white line. Next is the code that creates the three lines red, white and blue. In the first line, the code sets the common properties of a Line node.
The common properties are stroke color, stroke width, and stroke line cap. To set the stroke color you can use built-in JavaFX colors by using the javafx. Color class. For instance, for the color red you will use Color. All three methods also have the ability to specify alpha value transparency. Later, you will see additional methods for coloring shapes. Please refer to the Javadoc to learn more about color javafx.
Shapes also have a stroke line cap property. This property specifies the style of the ends of the line. For instance, specifying the stroke line cap as butt StrokeLineCap. ROUND style will appear with a rounded end. BUTT ; After setting the common properties on the red Line node, the example code creates a dashed pattern. To form a dashed pattern you would simply add double values to the getStrokeDashArray.
Each value represents the number of pixels for a dash segment. To set the dash segment array, the first value 10d is a visible dash segment 10 pixels wide. Next is a five-pixel empty segment not visible. Following that is a visible dash segment 15 pixels wide, and so on.
Because the array has an odd number of values, you can see that as the pattern repeats itself, the first value 10d becomes a pixel empty segment not visible. To see what happens when the offset property changes, the user can drag the slider thumb to the right to increase the offset. The stroke dash offset is the distance into the current pattern to begin the line drawing. Because the other two lines are pretty much the same in the way they modify common properties, I will not explain them any further.
I trust you now understand the fundamentals of creating lines. One last thing to mention about this example is the Slider control and the way it is wired up using binding.
We will discuss binding further in Chapter 3. Notice in Listing also that after the three lines just discussed, the slider control has handler code that updates a Text node dynamically to display the dash offset value.
Also notice the invocation to the addListener method, containing concise code added as a change listener. This may look odd to you; however, it reflects a new Java 8 feature called lambda expressions, which you will learn more about in Chapter 3. The following code snippet creates a change listener using lambdas instead of an anonymous inner class ChangeListener.
These important concepts will allow you to create any kind of shape styled the way you see fit. In this section you will be exploring basic shapes, complex shapes, and custom shapes. I will not demonstrate all of the shapes available to JavaFX, because of space limitations. To see all the available shapes, refer to the Javadoc documentation for details. As stated earlier, JavaFX has common shapes such as lines, rectangles and circles. Knowing these skills will be useful throughout this chapter.
Drawing rectangles on the scene graph is quite easy. Just as you learned in a geometry classroom, you specify a width, height, and an x, y location upper-left corner to position the rectangle on the scene graph.
To draw a rectangle in JavaFX you use the javafx. Rectangle class. In addition to common attributes, the Rectangle class also implements an arc width and arc height. This feature will draw rounded corners on a rectangle. Figure shows a rounded rectangle, which has both an arc width and an arc height.
Drawing Complex Shapes Learning about simple shapes is great, but to create more complex shapes you need to see what other built-in shapes that the JavaFX API has to offer. Exploring the Java documentation javafx.
Normally cartoon drawings have a thick stroke width, similar to a penciled-in outline. The first shape in the example is a sine wave; the second an ice cream cone, the third a smile, and the last a donut.
Before studying the code you may want to see the shapes drawn onto the scene, so you can visualize each shape as you look at the code listing. Figure is the output of Listing , depicting four complex shapes.
Drawing complex shapes www. The first complex shape involves a cubic curve CubicCurve that is drawn in the shape of a sine wave. The next shape is an ice cream cone; it uses the Path class, which contains path elements javafx. Our final shape is a delectable donut; to create this donut shape you will create two Ellipse shapes one smaller and one larger and subtract one. For brevity, Listing shows just the start method, containing the main JavaFX elements. WHITE ; root.
BLACK ; quad. WHITE ; www. Each shape will be detailed further in the following sections, which describe the code and the reasoning behind the creation of each of the four shapes.
The Cubic Curve In Listing the first shape, drawn as a sine wave, is really a javafx. CubicCurve class. To create a cubic curve, you simply look for the appropriate constructor to be instantiated.
Figure shows a cubic curve with control points influencing the curve. Cubic curve The startX, startY, endX, and endY parameters are the starting and ending points of a curved line, and controlX1, controlY1, controlX2, and controlY2 are control points.
The control point controlX1, controlY1 is a point in screen space that will influence the line segment between the start point startX, startY and the midpoint of the line. The point controlX2, controlY2 is another control point that will influence the line segment between the midpoint of the line and its end point endX, endY. A control point is a point that pulls the curve toward the direction of itself.
A definition of a control point is a line perpendicular to a tangent line on the curve. In our example, we simply have a control point 1 above the line to pull the curve upward to form a hill and control point 2 below the line to pull the curve downward to form a valley.
Note All older JavaFX 2. Be advised that the previous edition of this book used Builder classes. Shape classes using deprecated builder classes should be converted in favor of constructors and setter methods when specifying properties. The bug fixes would later cause binary compatibility issues that would break the builder classes. Knowing this will allow you to recognize older JavaFX 2. The first edition of this book used Builder classes quite frequently, and they are an elegant way to create JavaFX objects.
Path class. Each path element is created and added to the Path object. Also, each element is not considered a graph node javafx. This means that path elements do not extend from the javafx. Shape class and they cannot be child nodes in a scene graph to be displayed.
Figure shows an ice cream cone shape. PathElement class, which is used only in the context of a Path object. Just remember that the classes with To as a suffix are path elements, not Shape nodes.
For example, the MoveTo and LineTo object instances are Path elements added to a Path object, not shapes that can be added to the scene. QuadCurve class. This is similar to the cubic curve example described earlier in the first shape.
Instead of two control points you only have one control point. Again, a control point influences a line by pulling the midpoint toward it. Shown in Figure is a QuadCurve shape with a control point below its starting and ending points to form a smile.
This custom shape was created using geometric operations such as subtract, union, intersection, and so on. With any two shapes you can perform geometric operations to form an entirely new shape object.
All of the operations can be found in the javafx. A donut shape created by using shape subtraction To create the donut shape, you begin by creating two circular ellipse javafx. Ellipse instances. Subtracting the smaller ellipse donut hole from the larger ellipse area creates a newly derived Shape object, which is returned using the static Path. The following code snippet creates the donut shape using the Path.
A common technique is to draw the shape filled black while the original shape is laid on top slightly offset to appear as a shadow. However, in JavaFX the code will be drawing the donut shape once and use the setEffect method to apply a DropShadow object instance. To cast the shadow offset, call the setOffsetX and setOffsetY methods. Typically if the light source is from the upper left, the shadow is shown from the lower right of the shape. One last thing to point out is that all shapes in the example are initially drawn to be positioned underneath one another.
As each shape is rendered beneath another in this example, you may invoke the getBoundsInParent method to return the information about the bounding region of a node, such as its width and height. For example, a shape that has a drop shadow effect increases its width by including the shadow. Figure is a dashed red rectangle surrounding a Rectangle node inside a parent node better known as the bounding rectangle in parent Bounds in Parent.
You will notice that the width and height calculations include transforms, translates, and effects applied to the shape. In the figure, the transform operation is a rotation and the effect is a drop shadow. Drawing programs also provide the ability to paint shapes, using a color palette. Typically, paint programs have a paint bucket tool to fill areas on the canvas.
Often, photo editing software packages have the ability to fill using a gradient color or change the lighting of colors. In JavaFX you can also apply colors Paint to objects using similar techniques. In this section you will see an example of a JavaFX application that will showcase three shapes filled with colors Paint. An Example of Color To demonstrate common color fills, Figure illustrates an application that displays three shapes, with different color fills.
It depicts the following three shapes: ellipse, rectangle, and rounded rectangle. Each shape has a gradient fill. The first shape, the ellipse, is filled with a red radial gradient. The second is a rectangle filled with a yellow linear gradient. Finally, the rounded rectangle has a green cycle reflect gradient fill.
Colored shapes Note The example to follow touches on basic techniques for creating solid colors, gradient colors, and translucent colors. You can read about those, if you are interested, in the API documentation viewable through Javadoc.
In JavaFX, all shapes can be filled with simple colors and gradient colors. As a reminder, according to the Javadoc all shape nodes are filled with the color black by default except for Line, Polyline, and Path class descendents of java. Listing uses the following main classes that will be used to fill the shape nodes shown in Figure javafx. Color javafx. Stop javafx. RadialGradient javafx. LinearGradient Note In figure , the blackLine, rectangle, and roundRectangle shapes are all positioned by the setTranslateY method relative to the ellipse shape and to one another.
BLACK ; ellipse. To create a color, the code uses the Color. This method takes three integer values, representing red, green, and blue components. Another overloaded method takes three integer values and a fourth parameter with a data type of double. This fourth parameter is the alpha channel, which sets the opacity of the color. This value is between zero 0 and one 1.
Note Keep in mind that there are other ways to create color, such as by specifying hue, saturation, and brightness HSB. To create a color using HSB, you would invoke the Color. Developers who are familiar with this convention can use the Color. Next, it creates a rectangle filled with a yellow semitransparent linear gradient. Added behind the yellow rectangle is a thick black line to demonstrate the semitransparent color.
Finally, the code implements a rounded rectangle filled with a green-and-black reflective linear gradient resembling 3D tubes in a diagonal direction. Each shape and its associated color fill will be discussed in more detail in the following sections. A starting point to begin the first stop color. The end point, representing the end stop color.
The proportional property to specify whether to use standard screen coordinates or unit square coordinates. An array of stop Stop colors. Each stop containing a color will begin by painting the first stop color, then interpolating to the second stop color, and so on. When dealing with either linear or radial gradient color, pay special attention to the proportional attribute.
By setting this attribute to false, you can draw a line the gradient axis having a beginning point start X, start Y and an end point end X, end Y based on standard screen x, y coordinates. However, if the proportional attribute is set to a value of true, the gradient axis line beginning and ending points will be represented as unit square coordinates.
This means that x, y coordinates for begin and end points must be between 0. This strategy is more compact and easier to define than screen coordinates on the scene graph.
Radial Gradient The amazing thing about colors with gradients is that they can often make shapes appear three- dimensional. Gradient paint allows you to interpolate between two or more colors, which gives depth to the shape. For our ellipse shape you will be using a radial gradient RadialGradient. RadialGradient Properties Property Data Type Description focusAngle Double Angle in degrees from the center of the gradient to the focus point to which the first color is mapped. In our example the focus angle is set to zero, the distance is set to.
RED and black Color. These settings give a radial gradient to our ellipse by starting with the color red with a center position of 80, 45 upper left of the ellipse that interpolates to the color black with a distance of pixels radius.
Semitransparent Gradients Next, you will see how to create the rectangle, which has a yellow semitransparent linear gradient. For our yellow rectangle you will use a linear gradient LinearGradient paint. The start and end point coordinates denote where the gradient pattern begins and stops. To create the second shape in Figure , the yellow rectangle, you set the start X and Y to 0. BLACK with an alpha transparency of.
These settings give a linear gradient to our rectangle from top to bottom with a starting point of 0. This is a simple linear gradient paint that is the same as the linear gradient paint LinearGradient except that the start X, Y and end X, Y values are set in a diagonal position, and the cycle method is set to reflect CycleMethod. When specifying the cycle method to reflect CycleMethod. The following code snippet implements the rounded rectangle having a cycle method of reflect CycleMethod.
Text nodes allow you to display a string of characters onto the scene graph. To create Text nodes on the JavaFX scene graph you will use the javafx. Text class. Because all JavaFX scene nodes extend from javafx.
Node they will inherit many capabilities such as the ability to be scaled, translated, or rotated. Shape class which provides even more capabilities than the Node class. Because a Text node is both a Node and a Shape object it is able to perform geometric operation between two shape areas such as subtract, intersect, or union.
You can also clip viewport areas with a shape similar to stenciled letters. To demonstrate drawing text, in this section you will look at a basic example of how to draw text nodes on the scene graph.
Figure shows our drawing text example in action. Drawing text The DrawingText. The code first creates a loop to generate random x, y coordinates to position Text nodes. In the loop, it creates random RGB color components between 0 and to be applied to the Text nodes. Setting all components to zero produces black. Setting all three RGB values to produces the color white. According to the API documentation the setRotate method will rotate about the pivot point, which is the center of the untransformed layout bounds layoutBounds property.
Basically, the pivot point is the center of a node that has no transforms scaling, translating, shearing, rotating, and so on applied. Note If you need to use a combination of transforms, such as rotate, scale, and translate, take a look at the getTransforms. For more details on the difference between bounds in local, bounds in parent, and layout bounds, please see the Javadoc documentation. The following code is used in DrawingText. Each Text node maintains a text origin property that contains the starting point of its baseline.
In Latin-based alphabets, the baseline is an imaginary line underneath letters, similar to books on a bookshelf.
However, some letters, such as the lowercase j, extend below the baseline. When specifying the x and y coordinate of the Text node you will be positioning the start of the baseline. Here you were able to position, colorize, and rotate text. In addition to the font styles I also added effects such as a drop shadow DropShadow and reflection Reflection. Changing text fonts Listing BLUE ; root. For his JavaFX application. Undecorator Decorate undecorated Java FX window.
ValidationFramework Simple and flexible validation framework mainly but not strictly designed to validate user input and provide appropriate feedback currently Swing and JavaFX. Post navigation Inpa 5.
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